How to Add Text to a Plot in Matplotlib (Text Box, Annotate)

To add text to a plot in Matplotlib, call plt.text(x, y, "text") or ax.text(x, y, "text"), where x and y are the position in data coordinates. Add bbox=dict(...) to put the text in a box, transform=ax.transAxes to place it relative to the axes, fig.text() to write outside the plot, and annotate() to point at a value with an arrow. This guide shows each way to add text to a plot in Python with real Matplotlib windows.

Tested with Python 3.12.5 and Matplotlib 3.11.2. The screenshots are real Matplotlib windows and the Windows Command Prompt. Reference: Axes.text, annotations guide.

Add text with plt.text()

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

months = ["Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun"]
sales = [120, 135, 128, 160, 172, 190]

plt.plot(months, sales, marker="o")
plt.text(3, 150, "New store opened", fontsize=12, color="darkgreen")   # x, y in data coordinates
plt.title("Monthly sales")
plt.show()

With categorical x values like month names, the positions are 0, 1, 2 …, so x=3 is April.

Where the text goes: data, axes and figure coordinates

By default the position is in data coordinates and the text moves when the data or limits change. Two other coordinate systems are often more useful:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(7, 4.5))
ax.plot(x, np.sin(x))

ax.set_ylim(-1.3, 1.6)
ax.text(8, -0.9, "data coords (8, -0.9)", ha="center")                           # moves with the data
ax.text(0.02, 0.95, "axes coords (0.02, 0.95)", transform=ax.transAxes, va="top")  # fixed corner of the axes
fig.text(0.5, 0.01, "figure coords: centred under the plot", ha="center",
         style="italic", color="gray")                                          # outside the axes
plt.subplots_adjust(bottom=0.15)
plt.show()

Coordinates	Code	(0, 0) is	(1, 1) is
Data (default)	ax.text(x, y, s)	the data point 0, 0	the data point 1, 1
Axes	ax.text(x, y, s, transform=ax.transAxes)	bottom-left of the plot area	top-right of the plot area
Figure	fig.text(x, y, s)	bottom-left of the whole figure	top-right of the whole figure

To add text outside the plot, use fig.text(), or axes coordinates beyond 0 to 1 (for example x=1.02 for the right side), and leave room with subplots_adjust() or tight_layout().

Add a text box

Pass a bbox dictionary to draw a box behind the text. Combined with axes coordinates, it makes a statistics box that stays in the corner:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

rng = np.random.default_rng(0)
scores = rng.normal(72, 9, 200)

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(7, 4.5))
ax.hist(scores, bins=20, color="tab:blue", alpha=0.8)

stats = f"n = {scores.size}\nmean = {scores.mean():.1f}\nstd = {scores.std():.1f}"
ax.text(0.97, 0.95, stats, transform=ax.transAxes, ha="right", va="top", fontsize=11,
        bbox=dict(boxstyle="round,pad=0.5", facecolor="lightyellow", edgecolor="gray"))   # text box
ax.set_xlabel("Exam score")
plt.show()

Text box styles, fonts, rotation and math

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(7, 4.5))
ax.set_xlim(0, 10)
ax.set_ylim(0, 10)

ax.text(1, 8.5, "round", bbox=dict(boxstyle="round", fc="lightblue"))
ax.text(4, 8.5, "square", bbox=dict(boxstyle="square", fc="lightgreen"))
ax.text(7, 8.5, "sawtooth", bbox=dict(boxstyle="sawtooth", fc="pink"))
ax.text(1, 5, "Bold 16 pt", fontsize=16, fontweight="bold")
ax.text(5.5, 5, "Rotated 30°", rotation=30, fontsize=13, color="purple")
ax.text(1, 2, r"Math: $E = mc^2$,  $\alpha^2 + \beta^2$", fontsize=14)
ax.text(6.5, 2, "Two\nlines", ha="center", va="center", fontsize=12,
        bbox=dict(boxstyle="circle", fc="wheat"))
plt.show()

• ha / va (horizontal / vertical alignment) decide which part of the text sits at (x, y).
• Write maths between $...$ in a raw string, for example r"$\alpha^2$".
• Use \n for several lines.

Annotate a point with an arrow

annotate() places text at xytext and draws an arrow to the point xy:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

years = [2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024]
users = [1.2, 0.9, 1.8, 2.9, 3.4, 4.6]

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(7, 4.5))
ax.plot(years, users, marker="o")
ax.annotate("Pandemic dip", xy=(2020, 0.9), xytext=(2020.4, 2.6),
            arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle="->", color="red"), color="red", fontsize=11)
ax.annotate("Record year", xy=(2024, 4.6), xytext=(2022.2, 4.3),
            arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle="-|>", connectionstyle="arc3,rad=-0.3"), fontsize=11)
ax.set_ylabel("Users (millions)")
plt.show()

Label each point in a scatter plot

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

cities = {"Chicago": (2.7, 227), "Houston": (2.3, 1651), "Phoenix": (1.6, 1340),
          "Boston": (0.65, 125), "Seattle": (0.75, 217)}

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(7, 4.5))
offsets = {"Seattle": (6, 6), "Boston": (6, -12)}              # nudge labels that would overlap
for name, (population, area) in cities.items():
    ax.scatter(population, area, color="tab:orange")
    ax.annotate(name, (population, area), xytext=offsets.get(name, (6, 4)),
                textcoords="offset points", fontsize=10)             # label next to each point
ax.margins(x=0.22, y=0.12)                                           # room for labels at the edges
ax.set_xlabel("Population (millions)")
ax.set_ylabel("Area (km²)")
plt.show()

Change or remove text later

text() returns a Text object. Keep it to update or delete the text; ax.texts and fig.texts list all texts:

import matplotlib
matplotlib.use("Agg")
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
t = ax.text(0.5, 0.5, "Hello", transform=ax.transAxes, fontsize=14)
fig.text(0.5, 0.02, "footer")

print("ax.texts :", [x.get_text() for x in ax.texts])
print("fig.texts:", [x.get_text() for x in fig.texts])

t.set_text("Hello, Matplotlib")          # change an existing text later
t.set_color("red")
print("updated  :", t.get_text(), t.get_color(), t.get_fontsize())

t.remove()                               # delete it
print("after remove:", len(ax.texts), "texts on the axes")

Output:

ax.texts : ['Hello']
fig.texts: ['footer']
updated  : Hello, Matplotlib red 14.0
after remove: 0 texts on the axes

Interactive text input box (TextBox widget)

“Text box” can also mean an input field. Matplotlib’s TextBox widget lets the user type into the plot window; here the number typed in the box changes the frequency of the curve when Enter is pressed:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from matplotlib.widgets import TextBox

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 400)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(7, 4.5))
fig.subplots_adjust(bottom=0.2)
line, = ax.plot(x, np.sin(x))
ax.set_title("frequency = 1")

def update(text):
    try:
        freq = float(text)                    # the text typed by the user
    except ValueError:
        return                                # ignore anything that is not a number
    line.set_ydata(np.sin(freq * x))
    ax.set_title(f"frequency = {freq:g}")
    fig.canvas.draw_idle()

box_ax = fig.add_axes([0.3, 0.05, 0.4, 0.075])
text_box = TextBox(box_ax, "Frequency: ", initial="1")    # an input box inside the figure
text_box.on_submit(update)                                # runs when the user presses Enter
plt.show()

Related Matplotlib tutorials:

• Put