Python Turtle accepts colours in three forms: a name such as “tomato”, a hex code such as “#1e90ff”, or an RGB tuple such as (46, 139, 87). Set the line colour with pencolor(), the fill with fillcolor(), both at once with color(), and the window with screen.bgcolor(). Below is the full chart of the 147 … Read more >>
To divide two numbers in Python, use the / operator: 17 / 5 gives 3.4. Use // for the whole-number part of the result, % for the remainder, and divmod() to get both at once. Below you’ll find a complete program that reads two numbers from the user, the algorithm and flowchart for it, and … Read more >>
Drag and drop in Tkinter means one of two things, and they need different tools. Moving things inside your window (widgets, Canvas shapes, list rows) needs only mouse events: <ButtonPress-1>, <B1-Motion> and <ButtonRelease-1>. Dropping files from Explorer or Finder (or dragging data out to other programs) needs the tkinterdnd2 package, because plain Tkinter cannot receive … Read more >>
To read a binary file into a byte array in Python, use bytearray(Path(“file.bin”).read_bytes()), or open the file in “rb” mode and wrap f.read() in bytearray(). read() gives you immutable bytes; bytearray is the mutable version you can change and write back. This guide also covers reading byte by byte, reading large files in chunks, readinto(), … Read more >>
Tkinter has no separate table widget. To show a table, use ttk.Treeview with show=”headings”: define the columns, give each a heading, and add rows with insert(). This tutorial builds that table step by step and then adds scrollbars, striped rows, sorting by column, a form to add, edit and delete rows, editing a cell in … Read more >>
To draw letters with Python Turtle, move the turtle between the corner points of each letter with goto(), lifting the pen with penup() between strokes. This guide starts with one letter, then builds a small reusable “stroke font” for all 26 capital letters, so you can draw any word, centre it, colour it, and compare … Read more >>
This Python Turtle cheat sheet lists 70 commands in 11 groups, each with a one-line example: moving and turning, the pen, colours and fills, shapes, text, clearing, animation and keyboard and mouse events. Every command name and alias was checked against the turtle module, and every example was run in Python 3.12. For the full … Read more >>
To change the font in Python Turtle, pass a font tuple to write(): pen.write(“Hello”, font=(“Arial”, 24, “bold”)). The tuple holds the font family, the size and the style. This guide shows every part of that tuple with a screenshot, how to list the fonts you can use on your computer, and how to align, measure, … Read more >>
The shortest happy birthday code in Python is a single print() call with an f-string. Below you will find nine complete programs, from that one-liner to an ASCII-art banner, a text cake, a coloured and an animated terminal message, a Turtle drawing of a cake and a clickable Tkinter birthday card. Every program includes its … Read more >>
To append a character or another string to a string in Python, use +=: word += “n”. Python strings can’t be changed in place, so there is no append() method; + and += build a new string. To add to the beginning, put the new text first (“#” + s), to insert in the middle, … Read more >>